Connection management for an application in a computing platform

ABSTRACT

A computing device detects an event generated by a first component that publishes a connection endpoint, the event indicating that the connection endpoint of the first component has been modified. The computing device determines a second component that subscribes to the connection endpoint. The computing device updates a location of the connection endpoint in a data structure associated with the second component to maintain a connection between the first component and the second component.

TECHNICAL FIELD

Embodiments of the present invention relate to managing an applicationand its execution environment, and more specifically to automaticallyconfiguring an application and support components and to automaticallydeploying the application and its support components. Some embodimentsof the present invention relate to a flexible computing platform that isconfigured to be a platform-as-a-service (PaaS).

BACKGROUND

Most web applications typically implement multiple layers offunctionality to operate. For example, a common web application may usea database layer, an application server layer and the actual webapplication layer. Components within each of these layers may have theirown resource preferences, dependencies, and so forth. Additionally,these components may operate on a single machine or may operate ondifferent machines. In traditional computing platforms, to launch a newapplication, an administrator writes application code, selects supportcomponents, determines nodes that the application and components willrun on, installs the application and components on the nodes, andconfigures the application and components to work with each other. Tolaunch an application using traditional computing platforms accordinglymay be time consuming and prone to error. Moreover, when services reliedupon by the application change, the administrator typically manuallyreconfigures the application and its support components to account forsuch changes.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

Embodiments of the present invention are illustrated by way of example,and not by way of limitation, and can be more fully understood withreference to the following detailed description when considered inconnection with the figures in which:

FIG. 1A is a block diagram of a network architecture in whichembodiments of the invention may operate.

FIG. 1B is a block diagram of one embodiment of a Platform-as-a-Service(PaaS) approach for facilitating the execution of a web application in acloud.

FIG. 2 is a block diagram of a computing platform instance that hosts anapplication and runs in a virtual machine, in accordance with oneembodiment of the present invention.

FIG. 3 illustrates a logical architecture of an application deploymentin a computing platform, in accordance with one embodiment of thepresent invention.

FIG. 4 is a flow diagram of one embodiment for a method of configuringand deploying an application.

FIG. 5 is a flow diagram of another embodiment for a method ofconfiguring an application.

FIG. 6 is a flow diagram of yet another embodiment for a method ofconfiguring an application.

FIG. 7 is a flow diagram of another embodiment for a method ofconfiguring and deploying an application in a computing platform.

FIG. 8 is a flow diagram of one embodiment for a method of managingconnections between components within a platform.

FIG. 9 is a flow diagram of another embodiment for a method of managingconnections between components within a platform.

FIG. 10 is a flow diagram of one embodiment for a method of updating anapplication deployed in a computing platform.

FIG. 11 illustrates a diagrammatic representation of a machine in theexemplary form of a computer system.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

Described herein are methods and systems for automatically configuring,deploying and managing an application in a computing platform. Anapplication (also referred to as a program) may depend on severalsupport components. Embodiments of the present invention provide acomputing platform (also referred to herein as a runtime environment orsimply as a platform) that provides these support components. Theapplication may be received by the computing platform along with anapplication descriptor. The application descriptor may have minimal orextensive information for configuring and deploying the application inthe platform. For example, the application descriptor may includeidentification of one or more capabilities that will be used by of theapplication (e.g., PHP, MySQL, Mongo, etc.), with no other information.Alternatively, the application descriptor may specify particularconfiguration details such as a particular MySQL component andconfiguration to use, specific nodes that the application and itssupport components are to run on, specific connections to establishbetween components, and so forth. The application and applicationdescriptor may be received with no additional information, and may beused to automatically set up and execute a distributed application thatincludes the received application and one or more support componentsthat the application will use.

The computing platform uses the application descriptor to configure anddeploy the application. Configuring the application may includeidentifying components for the platform that provide specifiedcapabilities to the application, and configuring the application and theidentified components. Configuring and/or deploying the application mayadditionally or alternatively include determining nodes to install theapplication and components on, installing the application and/or somecomponents on a first node (or nodes) and installing the applicationand/or other components on a second node (or nodes). Configuring and/ordeploying the application may additionally include establishingconnections between components and/or the application. In oneembodiment, the platform manages connections between components and/orthe application using a publish-subscribe model. Components and/or theapplication may publish connection endpoints, and other componentsand/or the application may subscribe to those connection endpoints. Whena connection endpoint is modified, the platform may automatically updatethe subscribers to that connection endpoint to maintain connections.

For conventional hosted applications such as web applications,designing, configuring, deploying and maintaining the application can bequite complex. Accordingly, application providers typically investconsiderable resources into manually developing, configuring anddeploying such applications. Often the application deployment issufficient for a current version of an application, but will not workfor a next version of the application, or will not work if parametersdeviate from assumptions. Embodiments of the present invention provide aplatform (execution environment) that automatically handles theconfiguring, deploying, managing, scaling, etc. of an application(including its support components). The platform can take user providedapplication code and set up an entire distributed application based onthe provided code and a provided application descriptor, with noadditional user input. The platform can additionally adapt to changingdemands and input parameters to continually provide an optimalconfiguration and deployment for an application and support componentsof the application. This enables the application provider to focusefforts on the business logic of the application, without having toworry about any of the underlying infrastructure.

FIG. 1A is a block diagram of a network architecture 100, in whichembodiments of the invention may operate. The network architecture 100includes a cloud 130 managed by a cloud provider system 104. The cloud130 provides virtual machines, such as virtual machines 111, 112, 121,and 122, which may be arranged into a cluster or clusters. Each virtualmachine is hosted on a physical machine configured as part of the cloud130. Such physical machines are often located in a data center. Forexample, virtual machines 111 and 112 are hosted on physical machine 110in cloud 130 provided by cloud provider 104. The cloud provider system104 and cloud 130 may be provided as an infrastructure as a service(IaaS) layer. The cloud provider system 104 and cloud 130 may beprovided by, for example, Amazon's® Elastic Compute Cloud (EC2®). Userscan interact with applications executing on cloud-based virtual machinesusing client computer systems, such as clients 160, 170 and 180, viacorresponding web browser programs 161, 171 and 181.

Note that a multi-tenant architecture may be used instead of, or inaddition to, a virtualization architecture. A multi-tenant architectureprovides a software application that is designed to virtually partitionits data and configuration, and provide a customized virtual applicationinstance to different clients. In a multi-tenancy environment, multiplecustomers may share the same application, running on the same operatingsystem, on the same hardware or virtual machine, and/or with the samedata storage mechanism. A multi-tenant architecture may be combined withvirtualization to provide insulating facilities that support one ormultiple levels of multi-tenancy. For example, each virtual machine mayhost an application that provides a multi-tenant application. If amulti-tenant platform or environment is used in addition to virtualmachines, then parts of virtual machines may be arranged into a clusteror clusters as well as entire virtual machines. For the sake of clarity,the example of virtual machines will be discussed herein. However, itshould be understood that the principles discussed herein may also beapplied to multi-tenant architectures.

Clients 160, 170 and 180 are connected to hosts 110, 120 and the cloudprovider system 104 via a network 102, which may be may be a privatenetwork (e.g., a local area network (LAN), a wide area network (WAN),intranet, or other similar private networks), a public network (e.g.,the Internet), or a combination thereof. Each client 160, 170, 180 maybe a mobile device, a personal digital assistant (PDA), a laptop, adesktop computer, or any other computing device. Each host 110, 120 maybe a server computer system, a desktop computer or any other computingdevice. The cloud provider system 104 may include one or more machinessuch as server computers, desktop computers, etc.

In one embodiment, the cloud provider system 104 is coupled to a cloudcontroller 108 via the network 102. The cloud controller 108 may resideon one or more machines (e.g., server computers, desktop computers,etc.), and may manage the execution of applications in the cloud 130. Inone embodiment, the cloud controller 108 provides platform packagesassociated with different applications to the cloud provider 104. Aplatform package is a pre-generated image containing code for a platformthat can be provided to the cloud provider 104 and stored in an imagerepository 106. This image may be a virtual machine image or an image ofa physical system. The platform package may provide a complete computingplatform on which application code and/or code for support componentscan run. The platform may provide an infrastructure that enablesapplications and support components to communicate, scale, backup, useshared or distributed file systems, and so forth. This computingplatform may be provided to clients 160, 170, 180 in aplatform-as-a-service (PaaS) model.

Upon receiving a command identifying a specific platform package, thecloud provider 104 may retrieve the corresponding image from the imagerepository 106, create an instance of it and load it on the host 110,120 to run on top of a hypervisor (not shown). The command may bereceived from the cloud controller 108 or a user (e.g., a systemadministrator) via a console computer or a client machine. The hosts110, 120 may execute the platform package to provide a computingplatform on which applications can run.

The image repository 106 may reside locally or remotely and mayrepresent a single data structure or multiple data structures(databases, repositories, files, etc.) residing on one or more massstorage devices, such as magnetic or optical storage based disks,solid-state drives (SSDs) or hard drives. In addition to storingplatform packages, the image repository 106 may also store applicationpackages and/or support component packages, which may be loaded onto ahost and run on a hypervisor in a similar manner as the platformpackages. The cloud provider 104 or the cloud controller 108 may alsoload an application package on the host 110, 120 to run on top of theplatform package or on top of a component package. Additionally,application packages and/or component packages may be stored in one ormore other repositories (not shown) residing locally or remotely insteadof, or in addition to, the image repository 106.

As used herein, a component package is a reusable software package thatcan run on the platform. A component is a smallest unit of encapsulatedcode that is usable on the platform. Component packages may includeexecutable code that provides a capability (such as a service), or mayinclude instructions for accessing one or more underlying capabilitiesof the platform (e.g., services such as a distributed file system). Acomponent may declare inputs and outputs and a capability orcapabilities of the component. These inputs and outputs may be exposedas connectors that can be connected to for providing inputs into thecomponent and/or for receiving outputs from the component. A componentcan be used (e.g., by an application) without any knowledge of what isinside the component or how it works. Accordingly, a component packagemay be developed independent of any specific application package.Examples of component packages include component packages that provide aPHP functionality, a Java runtime functionality, a MySQL mastercapability, a MySQL slave capability, a read capability, a writecapability, and so on. A component may have multiple different profiles,each of which provide a different mode of operation for the component.

One example of support component packages are cartridges. Cartridges arecomponent packages that include one or multiple support components alongwith additional information identifying abstract features provided bythe support components. Cartridges may share a similar construction,such that cartridges can be loaded and unloaded from the platform coreduring execution in accordance with needs of the application 240 orother installed components. A cartridge can expose one or multipledifferent components for use by other components and/or by applications.One cartridge may include multiple components and provide multiplecapabilities. Additionally, the same capability may be exposed bymultiple different cartridges. For example, a PHP capability may beexposed by a PHP cartridge and by a Zend Server® cartridge.

In one embodiment, cartridges include one or multiple profiles, each ofwhich may cause the cartridge to run in a particular mode of operation.Each profile provides a different base configuration for deploying acartridge. Different profiles for a cartridge may enable differentsupport components included in that cartridge, may specify functionaland/or resource requirements of the cartridge, and so forth. A profilemay internally cause components to instantiate and connect together toprovide a specific capability or capabilities. For example, a firstprofile for a MySQL cartridge may cause the cartridge to run in a singleserver mode, and a second profile for the My SQL cartridge may cause thecartridge to run in a master-slave mode with a single master andmultiple slaves. In the second example, the profile may cause the masternode and the slave nodes to be instantiated and then connected together.

When an application is to be created for execution on the platform(e.g., on hosts 110, 120), a client 160, 170, 180 may provideapplication code (e.g., an application package) to cloud provider system104. In one embodiment, the user provides the application code using anupload mechanism such as running the git “push” command. Alternatively,the user may provide the application code, for example, using filetransfer protocol (ftp), a representation state transfer (REST)application programming interface (API), etc. Cloud provider system 104may assign a virtual machine (e.g., VM 111) to the client. The virtualmachine may then create an application container for the new applicationthat will maintain state information for that application (e.g., in anapplication descriptor runtime state). The application container mayinclude a default application descriptor that may be edited by anadministrator. Additionally, the application container may be associatedwith an application name and/or version number, which may be provided bya user. In addition to creating the application container, the virtualmachine may create a repository and/or directory for that application,which may reside on the virtual machine. The application descriptor is acomprehensive metadata structure that can be used to describe how toconnect components and applications, how to duplicate components andapplications, ways to run components in different modes, how to handlehigh availability, scaling and/or backup, or any other feature of anapplication. The application descriptor is described in greater detailbelow with reference to FIG. 1B.

The virtual machine may use the application descriptor to determinesupport components that will be used for the application and profiles ofthe support components to use. The virtual machine may configure theapplication and the support components, and may determine a deploymentarrangement for the application (e.g., a number of node to use, whichcomponents will run on which nodes, etc.). The virtual machine may thencause additional virtual machines to be assigned to running theapplication, and may cause the application and/or components to beinstalled on those virtual machines. The virtual machines may starttheir components, and the application may then be made available toclients 160, 170, 180.

FIG. 1B is a block diagram of one embodiment of a Platform-as-a-Service(PaaS) environment 150 for facilitating the execution of a webapplication (or other application) in a cloud. The PaaS environment 150includes an Infrastructure-as-a-Service (IaaS) 152, which consists ofhardware (e.g., one or more processors, memory, IO devices, etc.) and ahypervisor (not shown), and a platform 154 running on the IaaS 152. Theplatform 154 may be delivered as an auto-clustering virtual machineimage (or multiple different auto-clustering virtual machine images),resulting in one or more virtual machines 158, each containing aplatform core 160 and a one or more components 164. Each VM 158 may be anode of the platform 154.

The platform core 160 may include a guest OS with a kernel, distributedservices, a data transport, data services, monitors and/or otherfunctionality. Distributed services allow communication between nodeswhen the application runs on multiple nodes arranged in a clusterexecuting on one or more hypervisors in one or more hosts. Each node mayinclude a separate instance of the platform 154, or may include adifferent subset of the platform (e.g., a specific component orcomponents of the platform). Some embodiments of the platform core 160are described with reference to FIG. 2 below.

The components 164 form a layer (or multiple layers) that provides avariety of middleware, framework and other support software for theapplication 156. In various embodiments, the middleware/frameworkcomponents 164 can include such components as Java®, Apache®, MySQL®,PHP®, JBoss®, and Tomcat®.

Application 156 includes an application package 166 containing anapplication descriptor 180. The application descriptor 180 may be adescription of the architecture for a particular application, and mayinclude information that can be used to assemble the application 156.The application descriptor 180 may include, for example, information ona configuration of application parts, support components and/or anunderlying platform core. The application descriptor 180 may specifycapabilities that will be used by the application (e.g., functionalrequirements of the application, services to be relied upon by theapplication, etc.). The application descriptor 180 may additionallyinclude, or may rely on the platform to determine, additionalconfiguration and deployment parameters. For example, the applicationdescriptor 180 may additionally include an instruction that a supplierof a capability is to communicate with suppliers of other capabilities.The application descriptor 180 can provide detailed information forconfiguring the application, or may include minimal information. Theless information that is provided, the more application 156 relies onthe platform 154 to automatically choose an optimal configuration forthe application 156. Accordingly, the application descriptor 180 maydescribe a multi-tiered application on the cloud, including flexiblescaling, flexible routing, load balancing, high availability,clustering, scaling, etc.

In addition to the application descriptor 180, the application package166 may include one or more application parts 168, which may correspondto different individually deployable modules of the application 156. Forexample, a first application part 168 may include application code orlogic, and another application part 168 may include static data thatwill be farmed out to a content delivery network. Application 156 may bean n-tiered web application based on languages such as Java, Ruby,Python, PHP or the like. An application package 166 may be provided by auser or created automatically based on information about the applicationthat is provided by a user via a user interface or by other means.

The platform core 160 and components 164 may be provided by the PaaSprovider. Components 164 are not packaged with the application 156.Instead, the application package 166 expresses in the applicationdescriptor 180 a dependency on services (also referred to herein ascapabilities) provided by components 164. The platform 154 may thenimport the appropriate components 164 at deployment time.

In one embodiment, components 164 include component descriptors 182 thatdescribe capabilities of the components 164 as well as connectors (alsoreferred to as connection endpoints) that identify ways of connecting tothe components (e.g., types of data that the component may receive,address, port and/or protocol information that can be used to access thecomponent, types of data that the component outputs, and so forth). Thecomponent descriptor 132 may also define capabilities (e.g., services)that the component relies upon. The component descriptor 132 may have asimilar structure and include similar types of data to the applicationdescriptor 180. For example, a MySQL component may include a componentdescriptor that describes the component's MySQL capabilities and ways ofaccessing those MySQL capabilities.

The platform 154 automates the process of configuring, deploying andmanaging the application 156. The platform 154 may parse the applicationdescriptor 180 to determine capabilities relied upon by the application156. The platform 154 may then identify components 164 that can providethose capabilities and select components 164 for providing thosecapabilities. Once components 164 are selected for the application 156,the platform 154 may connect and configure those components 164 and theapplication parts 168 based on information included in the applicationdescriptor 180 and/or the component descriptors 182. Accordingly, theplatform 154 may be an application level “dependency injection” systemin which individual components are built without any knowledge aboutother components or how to connect to them. The application 156 and anycomponent may declare what it needs, and the platform 154 my select andprovide components that satisfy the declared needs.

The dependency injection may function at the application level withoutany regard to programming languages, operating systems, executionenvironments, etc. used by any individual components. Accordingly, thedifferent components that run in the platform 154 may be written indifferent programming languages, may run in different memory spaces, mayrun on different nodes, may have separate runtimes, etc. For example, aMySQL component may not know how a Tomcat component connects to it, andthe Tomcat component may not know how to connect to the MySQL component.The MySQL component may publish three different connection endpoints(e.g., that may each provide the same data but formatted in differentways). If the Tomcat component expects a particular connection (e.g., aJava database connectivity (JDBC) connection), it may specify that itcan communicate via a JDBC connection. The platform 154 may analyze thecomponent descriptor of the Tomcat component and the componentdescriptor of the MySQL component, and may match a JDBC connection ofthe MySQL component to the JDBC connection of the Tomcat component basedon the connection endpoints that these components are both exposing. Theplatform 154 may additionally start VMs 158 for the application 156,install components and/or application parts on the various VMs, andstart the components and/or application parts.

Note that the PaaS environment 150 may also include external services170, that are external to the platform 154, on which the application 156may depend. The platform 154 may identify external services 170 that arerelied upon by the application 166, and may connect application parts168 and/or components 164 to the external services 170.

FIG. 2 is a block diagram of a platform instance 210, in accordance withone embodiment of the present invention. The platform instance 210supports execution of an application 240. The application 240 may be aweb application or another type of application. In one embodiment, theapplication is a Java application or a PHP application. The applicationmay include multiple application parts 141. The platform instance 210may run on a virtual machine 205, which in turn runs on a host thatincludes a hypervisor. The platform instance 210 includes a platformcore 215 and one or more components 220.

Components 220 may each provide support functionality (capabilities)used by the application 240 and/or by other components 220. Examples ofcomponents include a Java component 242, a Tomcat component 244, anApache component 246, a JBoss component 248, a PHP component 250 and aMySQL component 252. However, many other types of components are alsopossible. Each component 220 provides specific capabilities, and may beassociated with multiple profiles. Application 240 may include anapplication descriptor 270 that identifies specific capabilities thatapplication 240 will use to run. In one embodiment, at least somecomponents 220 are provided by cartridges (not shown). Components mayalso be built into the platform and/or may be included in an applicationpackage.

The platform core 215 provides a framework that enables components andthe application 240 to communicate with one another, and that enablesthe platform instance 210 to communicate with (and form clusters with)other platform instances running on other nodes. The platform core 215also includes functionality for configuring and deploying theapplication 240 and components 220, for managing the application 240 andcomponents 220, and for scaling the numbers and types of platforminstances.

In one embodiment, platform core 215 includes a messaging manager 228that communicates with a cloud controller. When a node is to beinstantiated, the platform notifies messaging manager 228 of thedecision. Messaging manager 228 then sends a message to the cloudcontroller to cause the cloud controller to communicate with the IaaSlayer to provision a new node.

In one embodiment, platform core 215 includes a configuration manager226. Configuration manager may parse the application descriptor 270 toidentify capabilities that the application 240 will rely upon. Theconfiguration manager 226 may then identify those components 220 thatprovide the specified capabilities, and may load those components in theplatform instance 210 (or in another platform instance that maycommunicate with platform instance 210). The configuration manager 226may also identify particular profiles to use for configuring theselected components. Additionally, some of the components may specifyadditional capabilities that those components rely upon. If any suchcomponents 220 will be loaded into platform instance 210, thenconfiguration manager 226 may determine the additional capabilities thatthe components will rely upon, and find additional components that willprovide those capabilities. The configuration manager 226 may then loadthose additional components into the platform instance 210 (or intoanother platform instance).

In one embodiment, platform core 215 includes a deployment manager 233.Deployment manager 223 may determine a number of nodes to use for anapplication, and may further determine which application parts and/orcomponents will run on those different nodes. Once new nodes are broughtonline, deployment manager 233 adds the new nodes to an appropriatecluster.

In one embodiment, each VM 205 includes the same platform instance 210and an instance of the application 240. Accordingly, each machine runsan instance of all components provided to the application by theplatform. Therefore, when the system scales up the application, a new VM205 includes a new copy of the application 240 and all components 220.

In another embodiment, different VMs include distinct platforminstances. For example, a first platform instance may include a Javacomponent 252 and host the application 240, and a second platforminstance may include a MySQL component 252. Deployment manager 233 maygroup nodes that include the first platform instance into a firstcluster, and may group nodes that include the second platform instanceinto a second cluster. This first cluster and second cluster may furtherbe arranged into a larger cluster. This division of the platform intomultiple different platform instances, which may communicate with oneanother, increases the flexibility and level of control over theplatform.

Components 220 may include or be associated with a constraint or set ofconstraints 236. The constraints 236 may specify minimum resources,architecture specifications, capabilities relied upon and/or otherpreferences of the component. Examples of constraints 236 includeminimum processor power, minimum number of processor cores, minimummemory, minimum bandwidth, maximum allowed packet loss rate, minimumsecurity settings, additional required components, other components thatcannot run with a component in a platform instance, and so forth.Deployment manager 233 may use the constraints 236 to provision thevirtual machine 205 and/or an underlying host.

In one embodiment, deployment manager 233 compares constraints of thecomponents and application parts to each other. Based on theconstraints, deployment manager may determine a number of nodes toprovision, and which components will run on which nodes. Thosecomponents that are to run together on a node may be defined as a group.Deployment manager 233 may also determine which nodes the application(or application parts) will be active on. Based on the constraints,deployment manager 233 may determine that some components and/or theapplication are to be run on the same node. Alternatively, deploymentmanager 233 may determine that some components are to run on differentnodes. Note that deployment manager 233 may modify groups and relocatecomponents and/or applications dynamically as system preferences and/orconditions change.

In one embodiment, platform core 215 includes a connection manager 232.As part of configuration, configuration manager 226 may determine howcomponents and/or application parts will communicate. Once connections(communication channels) are established, connection manager 232 maymaintain those connections 232. The components 220 can issue commands torequest system information such as information about the architectureand packages installed, and can further communicate with the platformand each other via communication channels such as the file system,inter-process communication (IPC), and a network.

Connection manager 232 manages connections between components 220.Connection manager 232 also manages connections between the application240 (or application components) and various components 220. Eachcomponent 220 and the application 240 (or application component) mayexpose one or multiple connection endpoints. Components 220 (or anapplication 240 or application component) that provides a connectionendpoint may provide it as a subscription service. Any other component220 (or application 240 or application component) may subscribe to thatsubscription service. For example, a server may publish a networkconnection endpoint. Any client may then subscribe to that networkconnection endpoint to connect to the server. The connection manager 232sits in the middle and manages the connection between the endpoints. Forexample, if one connection endpoint (connection publisher) moves, thenthe connection manager 232 may inform or update (either actively orpassively) the other endpoints (connection subscribers) of the newaddress for the moved connection endpoint.

Connection manager 232 may manage multiple different types ofconnections. One type of managed connection is a network connection,which may include a network address and a port (or network addresses andports). The network connection may further include a protocol, such asMySQL, hypertext transport protocol (HTTP), transmission controlprotocol (TCP), user datagram protocol (UDP), real time streamingprotocol (RTSP), real time transport protocol (RTP), etc. Anotherconnection type is a connection via a file system. For example, oneendpoint may write a file or a library to a location in the file system,and the other endpoint may read that file or library. As one endpointmoves around, or begins using a different directory, the connectionmanager 232 can inform the other endpoint of the move or differentdirectory. The connection manager 232 may also manage in-processconnections, such as loading of a shared object, pipes, inter-processcommunications (IPC), shared memory connections, and so on. All of theseand other types of connections may be managed by connection manager 232using the publish subscribe system.

Note that components 220 and/or application 240 may extend connectiontypes by sending additional information than what is specified by theconnection type. For example, a MySQL component may extend atransmission control protocol/internet protocol (TCP/IP) connection typeto send a username and password in addition to standard TCP/IPinformation. The MySQL component may alternatively or additionallyextend the TCP/IP connection type to send a JDBC connection string inaddition to the standard TCP/IP information.

Components 220 and application 240 can trigger events such as thresholdviolations, scaling events, notification triggers, state change events,migration events, transition events, etc. These events can modifyconnection endpoints. Connection manager 232 may receive such events,and may determine components and/or application parts that subscribe toa connection endpoint that generated the event. Connection manager 232may then reconfigure those subscribing components and/or applicationparts to maintain their connection to the modified connection endpoint.For example, a component may be a server that is resource constrained.Deployment manager 233 may migrate the component to a new node that hasadditional resources. The component may generate a migration event toindicate that will be migrated or has been migrated to the new node. Theconnection manager 232 may receive the migration event and update anycomponents that subscribe to a connection endpoint of that component.These updates may be performed by modifying a portion of the applicationdescriptor runtime state 304 that relates to the subscribing components.

FIG. 3 illustrates a block diagram of a logical architecture of adeployment 302 for an application 340, in accordance with one embodimentof the present invention. A deployment 302 is a collection of platforminstances that form a platform and an application that runs on theplatform.

The deployment 302 includes a collection of components 310, 320, 330 andan application 340. The components 310, 320, 330 and application 340communicate via a series of connections. In the illustrated example,component 310 communicates with component 320 via connection 380.Component 320 communicates with application 340 via connection 384 andwith component 330 via connection 382. Additionally, application 340communicates with component 330 via connection 386. Multiple differenttypes of connections may be used, such as network connections, sharedmemory connections, shared directory connections, and so forth.Additionally, two components (or a component and the application 340)may form multiple different types of connections between them. Theapplication 340 and/or components 310, 320, 330 may also formconnections (e.g., connection 288) with an external component 350. Theexternal component may be, for example, a web service utilized by theapplication 340. The connections enable components and the applicationto utilize services and functionality provided by other components.

The deployment 302 includes a grouping 390. The grouping 390 is anarrangement of components 310, 320, 330 and application 340 in thedeployment 302 into one or more provisioning groups 360, 370. Eachprovisioning group 360, 370 may represent a tier of the applicationdeployment 302. Each provisioning group 360, 370 may be a cluster ofnodes that each include the same platform instance (and thus that eachincludes the same component or components. In one embodiment, each nodein a provisioning group is identical to each other node in theprovisioning group. For example, all nodes in provisioning group 360 mayinclude a machine with four processor cores and 2 GB of RAM, and mayhost a platform instance that includes component 310. A group may beformed by determining constraints of the different components, and thenresolving which components can run together on a node based on thoseconstraints. In one embodiment, the group 360 is installed onto nodes ina first cluster, group 370 is installed onto nodes in a second cluster,and the first cluster and second cluster together are arranged into alarger third cluster. In one example deployment, provisioning group 360may be a web serving tier and component 310 may be a web server.Provisioning group 360 may be a second tier that includes an applicationserver (component 320), application code that is deployed into thatapplication server (application 340), and a database (component 330).Note that multiple groups may run on a single node in some instances.

The deployment 302 may include an application descriptor runtime state304. The application descriptor runtime state 304 may include allinformation describing the deployment 302. The application descriptor366 and component descriptors 308, 310, 312 may be static metadata. Theapplication descriptor runtime state 304 may include initial informationincluded in an application descriptor 306 and in component descriptors308, 310, 312. The application descriptor runtime state 304 mayadditionally include runtime state configuration and deploymentinformation. When the application is assembled and loaded into memory,the application descriptor 366 is expanded and loaded into memory aswell. As the application 340 and its components change, the applicationdescriptor runtime state 304 keeps track of where each component isrunning, which group is running on which nodes, which components are inwhich nodes, the addresses of nodes and of components running on thosenodes, how many nodes there are, how components are connected, when andhow to scale groups, etc. The application descriptor runtime state 304may additionally identify cartridges that are loaded, which profiles thecartridges are running, which components the cartridges are providing,how many copies of cartridges are running, the runtime resources thatare being used, and so on. The application descriptor runtime state 304may include information on all connections 380, 382, 384, 386, 388. Ifany connection is modified, then the application descriptor runtimestate 304 may be updated to reflect that modification. A copy of theapplication descriptor runtime state 304 may be maintained on each nodehosting group 360 and on each node hosting group 370.

FIGS. 4-10 are flow diagrams of various embodiments of methods forconfiguring, deploying and/or managing a platform as a service (PaaS).The methods are performed by processing logic that may comprise hardware(circuitry, dedicated logic, etc.), software (such as is run on ageneral purpose computer system or a dedicated machine), or acombination of both. In one embodiment, the methods are performed by theplatform 154 running on the host 110, 120, and in particular by a moduleor modules of a platform core within the platform 154.

FIG. 4 is a flow diagram of one embodiment for a method 400 ofconfiguring and deploying an application. At block 405 of method 400,processing logic receives application code and an applicationdescriptor. Upon receipt (or predicted receipt) of the application code,processing logic may create an application container for the applicationon a node in the platform (e.g., on a virtual machine running in thecloud). The application code may be received along with an applicationdescriptor. Alternatively, processing logic may generate a defaultapplication descriptor, which may be edited by an administrator.

At block 410, processing logic determines whether the receivedapplication code has already been built or still needs to be compiled(e.g., for a Java application) or may exist uncompiled (e.g., for a PHPapplication or other type of application). If the application code hasnot been built or compiled, then it may be received along with anindication of a building or compiling capability that the applicationcode will rely upon. This indication may be included in the applicationdescriptor. If the application code has not been built or compiled, themethod continues to block 415. Otherwise, the method proceeds to block420.

At block 415, processing logic selects a component that can provide thespecified building or compiling capability (e.g., a build tool orcompiler that can build or compile the application code). Once thecomponent is selected, processing logic compiles or builds theapplication code using the selected component. The method then proceedsto block 420.

At block 420, processing logic resolves capabilities specified in theapplication descriptor. Resolving the capabilities may includedetermining components and/or cartridges that can provide thecapabilities, determining profiles to use for those components and/orcartridges, and loading those components and/or cartridges using theselected profiles.

At block 425, processing logic attempts to establish connections betweenthe components and/or application (or application parts). This mayinclude identifying which components and/or applications should beconnected together, identifying communication mechanisms supported bycomponents that are to be connected, and then attempting to connectthose components via the identified communication mechanisms. Processinglogic may determine that a connection should be established between anycomponent or application that relies upon a capability and a componentthat provides that capability. Additionally, the application descriptormay include information specifying that components that provide somecapabilities are to connect to components that provide othercapabilities. For example, processing logic may figure out whichcomponents are to be connected, call the components providing theconnection endpoints, collect information from the components, andprovide the collected information to subscribing components. Note thatsome connections may not be established at this point and/or someestablished connections may not yet be valid (e.g., due to lack ofinformation on specific IP addresses and ports (e.g., for networkconnections), memory addresses (for shared memory space connections),and so forth).

At block 430, processing logic configures the application (including allapplication parts) and the components. Configuration may be the processof resolving variables for a component, cartridge, application orapplication part that is being configured. In one embodiment, processinglogic determines a configuration order for the application parts and/orcomponents. The configuration order may be based on dependencies betweenthe components and/or application parts. In one embodiment, thosecomponents that depend on other components are started after the othercomponents on which they depend. Therefore, additional information onthe other components from which they depend will be available when itcomes time to configure the dependant components. Note that somecomponents may be configured before those other components that theywill depend on. For example, a PHP cartridge may be configured beforeanother component that it depends from, and may push its configurationinformation down to those other components from which it depends. Thoseother components may then be configured using information passed alongby the PHP cartridge.

In one embodiment, configuration order is maintained in a dependencytree. Each node in the dependency tree may represent a component,cartridge, application, or application part. Leaves of the dependencytree, which do not depend on any of the components or applications, maybe configured first, followed by nodes at a next level of the dependencytree, and finally by a root (or roots) of the dependency tree.

Configuration may be a multi step process. Each component andapplication may come with a set of configuration files, which may bewritten into an application descriptor runtime state. The configurationfiles may include variable place holders. At block 435, processing logicmay update place holder values associated with a configured component(or components) with runtime values. These variable place holders may bereplaced with runtime state information as configuration commences.Examples of variable place holders include environment variables such asplace holders for log file locations, port numbers, IP addresses, nodeidentifiers, etc.

After a component, cartridge, application or application part isconfigured, and the placeholder values have been replaced with runtimevalues, at block 440 processing logic may reattempt to establishconnections between components and/or the application. Since placeholder values have been replaced with runtime values, some connectionsthat were not previously valid or established can now be set up orupdated.

At block 445, processing logic determines nodes to which the applicationand components will be deployed, and deploys the components (orcartridges) and application (or application components) to thedesignated nodes. The assignment of components to nodes may be madebased on constraints specified for those components. Note thatprocessing logic may set up multiple different nodes in a cluster, eachof which may run different components and perform different tasks.Processing logic may determine which components to deploy where in anautomated fashion without an administrator having to manually specifywhich components will be started where. At this point, the applicationis created and deployed, but stopped.

At block 448, processing logic may then start the components andapplication in a start order. The start may be performed in response toreceiving a start instruction. The start order may be determined basedon dependencies between components and/or the application. In oneembodiment, the start order is the same as the configuration order.Alternatively, the start order may vary from the configuration order. Inone embodiment, the start order is determined based on a dependencytree.

Not all place holder values may be replaced with runtime data at thetime of configuration. Some such place holder values may not be replaceduntil a component has started. Accordingly, at block 450, processinglogic may update some placeholder values with runtime state information.At block 455, processing logic again reattempts to establish connectionsbetween the components and/or the application. Some connections may notbe set up until the dependant and dependee have both been started (andplace holder values have been replaced with runtime state informationgenerated after the components have started). Such connections may beset up at this time. The application is then up and running.

Note that there may be two different levels for application creation.Application creation may be performed at a cluster level and at a nodelevel. At the cluster level, creating the application may includecreating an application container that maintains state information forthe application and all its components. When an application container iscreated at a cluster level, processing logic will additionally create atleast one node level application object associated with the clusterlevel application container. The node level application object maycreate local users that will be used to run the application. This mayinclude setting up security policies to ensure that the application isisolated from other applications. Processing logic may additionallyassign the node level application object a range of internet protocol(IP) addresses so avoid any conflict of IP addresses and/or portsbetween multiple applications running on the same nodes. The node levelapplication object may additionally include a repository created byprocessing logic to provide source code management on that node.

FIG. 5 is a flow diagram of another embodiment for a method 500 ofconfiguring an application. At block 505 of method 500, processing logicreceives application code and an application descriptor. At block 510,processing logic parses the application descriptor 510. The applicationdescriptor may include detailed configuration and setup information orminimal information. For example, the application descriptor may includea simple list of capabilities to be relied upon by the application(e.g., that the application will use PHP and MySQL). Alternatively, theapplication descriptor may specify particular cartridges to use,particular profiles of those cartridges to use, particular groups todivide the cartridges and application into, particular nodes to run thecartridges and/or application on, particular connections to establish,and/or any other information.

At block 515, processing logic determines whether the applicationdescriptor specifies particular components, cartridges and/or profiles.If so, the method continues to block 545. Otherwise, the method proceedsto block 520.

At block 520, processing logic identifies capabilities to be used by theapplication based on the application descriptor. At block 525,processing logic determines a component (or cartridge) that can provideone of the identified capabilities based on the component descriptor. Atblock 530, processing logic determines a communication mechanismsupported by the application and by the component. This may includedetermining connection endpoints of the application and endpoint, andidentifying connection endpoints that share the same type (e.g., networkconnection, an inter-process connection, a file system connection, etc.)and protocol. At block 535, processing logic configures the applicationan the component to communicate via the communication mechanism. Notethat at block 530, processing logic may additionally or alternativelydetermine a communication mechanism supported by two components (orcartridges), and at block 535 processing logic may configure the twoapplications to communicate via that communication mechanism.

At block 540, processing logic determines whether the application willuse any additional capabilities that have not been resolved (for whichcomponents or cartridges that provide the capabilities have not been setup). If so, the method returns to block 525. Otherwise, the methodcontinues to block 545.

At block 545, processing logic configures the application and itscomponents for execution on a computing platform. This may includeupdating a runtime state of the application descriptor based on thecomponent descriptors of the determined components (block 550). Suchupdating may include copying information from the component descriptorsinto the application descriptor runtime state, for example. The methodthen ends.

FIG. 6 is a flow diagram of yet another embodiment for a method 600 ofconfiguring an application. At block 605 of method 600, processing logicidentifies capabilities to be relied upon by an application based on anapplication descriptor (e.g., an application descriptor file). At block610, processing logic selects a first component that provides a firstcapability and a second component that provides a second capability. Atblock 615, processing logic identifies an additional capability reliedupon by the first component.

The application descriptor runtime state allows that among severalcomponents, if multiple components share a dependency to a subcomponent, that subcomponent can provide capabilities to the multiplecomponents. Accordingly, at block 625, processing logic determineswhether a single instance of the second component can be used by boththe application and the first component. If so, the method continues toblock 630. Otherwise, the method proceeds to block 635.

At block 630, processing logic suggests and/or designates a singleinstance of the second component to be shared by the first component andby the application. Accordingly, a single instance of the secondcomponent may be run, which may conserve resources.

At block 635, if a single instance of the second component cannotprovide a capability to both the application and the first component,then processing logic designates two separate instances of the secondcomponent to be run. This may occur, for example, if the applicationrelies on a cartridge running a first profile, and the first componentrelies on the same cartridge, but running a second profile.

At block 640, processing logic determines a configuration order for theapplication, first component and second component based on dependencies.Those components that do not depend on any other components may bestarted first, followed by those components and/or the application thatdepends on them. At block 645, processing logic configures theapplication, the first component and the second component in theconfiguration order. The method then ends.

FIG. 7 is a flow diagram of another embodiment for a method 700 ofconfiguring and deploying an application in a computing platform. Atblock 705 of method 700, processing logic receives application code andan application descriptor. At block 710, processing logic parses theapplication descriptor. At block 715, processing logic configures theapplication and any components (or cartridges) based on the applicationdescriptor.

At block 720, processing logic determines one or more groups for theapplication and the components. Processing logic may determine thegroups based on resource requirements and/or other constraints of theapplication and the components. For example, the constraints may specifythat a first component and a second component are to run on separatenodes. The constraints may also specify that the first component and athird component are to run on the same node.

At block 725, processing logic determines an amount of resources thatshould be provided to the groups. At block 730, processing logicdetermines resources of available nodes that can be provisioned. Theavailable nodes may be virtual machines that can be brought online withspecified resource parameters (e.g., specified amounts of memory,processing power, network bandwidth, etc.).

At block 735, processing logic determines whether the application andall components can run on a single node. If so, the method continues toblock 745, and processing logic assigns all groups to that node.Otherwise, the method continues to block 740, and processing logicassigns the first group to run on a first node of the computingplatform. At block 750 processing logic assigns the second group to runon a second node of the computing platform. At block 755, processinglogic installs the groups on the specified nodes. Subsequently, at block760, processing logic may determine a start order for the components andthe application. A different start order may be determined for eachnode. Additionally, a cluster wide start order may be determined. Forexample, a first component may be started on a first node, followed by asecond component on a second node, followed by the application on thefirst node. At block 765, processing logic starts the components on thenodes in the start order. The method then ends.

FIG. 8 is a flow diagram of one embodiment for a method 800 of managingconnections between components within a platform. At block 805,processing logic provides support components for an application.Processing logic may select the support components based on advertisedneeds of the application. At block 810, processing logic sets upconnections between support components and between an application andsupport components.

At block 815, for each connection, processing logic identifies a firstendpoint of the connection as a publisher of the connection and a secondendpoint of the connection as a subscribed of the connection. Processinglogic may additionally identify the second endpoint as a publisher ofthe connection and the first endpoint as a subscriber of the connection.

At block 820, processing logic monitors endpoint parameters of the firstendpoint and/or the second endpoint for each connection. The nature ofthe endpoint parameters may depend on the type of connection. Forexample, endpoint parameters for a network connection may include annetwork address and port number. At block 825, processing logicdetermines whether the parameters of the first endpoint has changed.Processing logic may also determine whether the parameters of the secondendpoint has changed. If the parameters of the first endpoint havechanged, the method continues to block 830, and the processing logicupdates the second endpoint that subscribes to the connection with thechanged parameters. If an address of the second endpoint has changed,the method continues to block 830, and processing logic updates thefirst endpoint that subscribes to the connection with the changedparameters. If the first endpoint's parameters (and/or second endpoint'sparameters) have not changed, the method ends.

FIG. 9 is a flow diagram of another embodiment for a method of 900managing connections between components within a platform. At block 905,processing logic receives an event generated by a first component thatpublishes a connection endpoint. The event may be any type of eventrelated to the endpoint connection. For example, the event may be astatus event, a scaling event, a migration event, a transformation ofservices event, and so on. The event may identify that a log file'slocation has changed, that a network location (e.g., IP address and/orport has been changed), that a protocol to use to connect to an endpointhas changed (e.g., a change from a MySQL connection to an httpconnection, a TCP connection, a UDP connection, an RTSP connection, oran RTP connection, for example), en event indicating that a publisherwill stop providing the endpoint, en event that the connection endpointwill additionally be provided at another port or location, and so forth.At block 910, processing logic determines that the connection endpointhas been modified based on the event. At block 915, processing logicdetermines additional components that subscribe to the first component'sconnection endpoint. At block 920, processing logic updates a locationof the connection endpoint for those additional components. This updatemay be made in a runtime state of an application descriptor (e.g., in aregion of the runtime state associated with an additional component) orin another data structure associated with the additional component. Byupdating the connection endpoint information for subscribing componentsas it changes, processing logic maintains a connection between the firstcomponent and the additional components.

FIG. 10 is a flow diagram of one embodiment for a method 1000 ofupdating an application deployed in a computing platform. At block 1005of method 1000, processing logic receives an application update for anapplication. The update may be received via an API such as a REST API,via a git “push” command, or via some other mechanism. In oneembodiment, processing logic monitors data (e.g., configuration files,application code, an application descriptor, etc.) in a directory orrepository. If the data changes, then processing logic may determinethat an application update has been received. The application update mayinclude updated application code and/or may include a modifiedapplication descriptor. At block 1010, processing logic determineswhether the update changes an application configuration. If the updatedoes not change an application configuration, the method continues toblock 1015, and a rolling restart may be performed. Otherwise, themethod continues to block 1020. Note that the rolling restart is anoptional feature. In an alternative embodiment the method continues toblock 1020 regardless of whether the update changes an applicationconfiguration.

At block 1015, processing logic installs the application update to nodesone at a time, and performs a rolling restart of the nodes. This mayinclude stopping one node, updating the application code for that node,and restarting that node, and then repeating this process on a nextnode. This process may be performed one node at a time until all nodeshave been updated.

At block 1020, processing logic stops the application and components onall nodes. The application and components may be stopped in a stoporder, which may be based on dependencies between the components andapplication. The stop order may be a reverse of a start order that mayhave been used to start the application and components.

At block 1025, processing logic reconfigures the application and itscomponents. In one embodiment, processing logic performs any of methods400-700 for the reconfiguration. In one embodiment, at block 1030,processing logic determines whether any connections are to be changed.If so, processing logic continues to block 1035. Otherwise, the methodproceeds to block 1045.

At block 1035, processing logic unsubscribes a component (or components)to a first published subscription endpoint. At block 1040, processinglogic then subscribes those components to a second published endpoint orendpoints. This process may be performed for multiple differentconnection endpoints.

At block 1045, processing logic determines whether any groups are to bechanged or relocated based on the update. If so, the method continues toblock 1050. Otherwise, the method proceeds to block 1055. At block 1050,processing logic migrates one or more components (or the application)from one node to another node. At block 1055, processing logic restartsthe application and the components in a start order. The method thenends.

FIG. 11 is a diagram of one embodiment of a computer system forfacilitating the execution of a web application in a cloud. Within thecomputer system 1100 is a set of instructions for causing the machine toperform any one or more of the methodologies discussed herein. Inalternative embodiments, the machine may be connected (e.g., networked)to other machines in a LAN, an intranet, an extranet, or the Internet.The machine can be a host 110, 120 in a cloud 130, a cloud providersystem 104, a cloud controller 108 or any other machine. The machine canoperate in the capacity of a server or a client machine in aclient-server network environment, or as a peer machine in apeer-to-peer (or distributed) network environment. The machine may be apersonal computer (PC), a tablet PC, a console device or set-top box(STB), a Personal Digital Assistant (PDA), a cellular telephone, a webappliance, a server, a network router, switch or bridge, or any machinecapable of executing a set of instructions (sequential or otherwise)that specify actions to be taken by that machine. Further, while asingle machine is illustrated, the term “machine” shall also be taken toinclude any collection of machines (e.g., computers) that individuallyor jointly execute a set (or multiple sets) of instructions to performany one or more of the methodologies discussed herein.

The exemplary computer system 1100 includes a processing device 1102, amain memory 1104 (e.g., read-only memory (ROM), flash memory, dynamicrandom access memory (DRAM) such as synchronous DRAM (SDRAM) or DRAM(RDRAM), etc.), a static memory 1106 (e.g., flash memory, static randomaccess memory (SRAM), etc.), and a secondary memory 1118 (e.g., a datastorage device in the form of a drive unit, which may include fixed orremovable computer-readable storage medium), which communicate with eachother via a bus 1130.

Processing device 1102 represents one or more general-purpose processingdevices such as a microprocessor, central processing unit, or the like.More particularly, the processing device 1102 may be a complexinstruction set computing (CISC) microprocessor, reduced instruction setcomputing (RISC) microprocessor, very long instruction word (VLIW)microprocessor, processor implementing other instruction sets, orprocessors implementing a combination of instruction sets. Processingdevice 1102 may also be one or more special-purpose processing devicessuch as an application specific integrated circuit (ASIC), a fieldprogrammable gate array (FPGA), a digital signal processor (DSP),network processor, or the like. Processing device 1102 is configured toexecute the instructions 1126 for performing the operations and stepsdiscussed herein.

The computer system 1100 may further include a network interface device1122. The computer system 1100 also may include a video display unit1110 (e.g., a liquid crystal display (LCD) or a cathode ray tube (CRT))connected to the computer system through a graphics port and graphicschipset, an alphanumeric input device 1112 (e.g., a keyboard), a cursorcontrol device 1114 (e.g., a mouse), and a signal generation device 1120(e.g., a speaker).

The secondary memory 1118 may include a machine-readable storage medium(or more specifically a computer-readable storage medium) 1124 on whichis stored one or more sets of instructions 1126 embodying any one ormore of the methodologies or functions described herein. In oneembodiment, the instructions 1126 include instructions for one or moremodules of a platform core 1180. The instructions 1126 may also reside,completely or at least partially, within the main memory 1104 and/orwithin the processing device 1102 during execution thereof by thecomputer system 1100, the main memory 1104 and the processing device1102 also constituting machine-readable storage media.

The computer-readable storage medium 1124 may also be used to store theinstructions 1126 persistently. While the computer-readable storagemedium 1124 is shown in an exemplary embodiment to be a single medium,the term “computer-readable storage medium” should be taken to include asingle medium or multiple media (e.g., a centralized or distributeddatabase, and/or associated caches and servers) that store the one ormore sets of instructions. The term “computer-readable storage medium”shall also be taken to include any medium that is capable of storing orencoding a set of instructions for execution by the machine and thatcause the machine to perform any one or more of the methodologies of thepresent invention. The term “computer-readable storage medium” shallaccordingly be taken to include, but not be limited to, solid-statememories, and optical and magnetic media.

The instructions 1126, components and other features described hereincan be implemented as discrete hardware components or integrated in thefunctionality of hardware components such as ASICS, FPGAs, DSPs orsimilar devices. In addition, the instructions 1126 can be implementedas firmware or functional circuitry within hardware devices. Further,the instructions 1126 can be implemented in any combination hardwaredevices and software components.

In the above description, numerous details are set forth. It will beapparent, however, to one skilled in the art, that the present inventionmay be practiced without these specific details. In some instances,well-known structures and devices are shown in block diagram form,rather than in detail, in order to avoid obscuring the presentinvention.

Some portions of the detailed description which follows are presented interms of algorithms and symbolic representations of operations on databits within a computer memory. These algorithmic descriptions andrepresentations are the means used by those skilled in the dataprocessing arts to most effectively convey the substance of their workto others skilled in the art. An algorithm is here, and generally,conceived to be a self-consistent sequence of steps leading to a result.The steps are those requiring physical manipulations of physicalquantities. Usually these quantities may take the form of electrical ormagnetic signals capable of being stored, transferred, combined,compared, and otherwise manipulated. It has proven convenient at times,principally for reasons of common usage, to refer to these signals asbits, values, elements, symbols, characters, terms, numbers, or thelike.

It should be borne in mind, however, that all of these and similar termsare to be associated with the appropriate physical quantities and aremerely convenient labels applied to these quantities. Unlessspecifically stated otherwise as apparent from the following discussion,it is appreciated that throughout the description, discussions utilizingterms such as “receiving,” “determining,” “updating,” “subscribing,”“configuring,” “installing,” “storing,” “accessing,” or the like, referto the actions and processes of a computer system, or similar electroniccomputing device, that manipulates and transforms data represented asphysical (e.g., electronic) quantities within the computer system'sregisters and memories into other data similarly represented as physicalquantities within the computer system memories or registers or othersuch information storage, transmission or display devices.

Thus, a method and apparatus for automatically establishing a supportenvironment for a program is described. It is to be understood that theabove description is intended to be illustrative and not restrictive.Many other embodiments will be apparent to those of skill in the artupon reading and understanding the above description. The scope of theinvention should, therefore, be determined with reference to theappended claims, along with the full scope of equivalents to which suchclaims are entitled.

We claim:
 1. A method of managing connections using a publish-subscribeservice model, comprising: detecting, by a computing device, an eventgenerated by a first component that publishes a connection endpoint, theevent indicating that the connection endpoint of the first component hasbeen modified; determining, by the computing device, a second componentthat subscribes to the connection endpoint; and updating, based on thedetected event, a location of the connection endpoint in a datastructure associated with the second component to maintain a connectionbetween the first component and the second component.
 2. The method ofclaim 1, wherein the event comprises at least one of a scale up eventthat identifies an additional location of the connection endpoint, ascale down event that identifies a previous location of the connectionendpoint that is no longer valid and a migration event that identifiesan alternative location for the connection endpoint to replace at leastone previous location.
 3. The method of claim 1, further comprising:unsubscribing the second component from the connection endpoint;subscribing the second component to an additional connection endpointpublished by a third component; and updating the data structure byreplacing references to the connection endpoint with references to theadditional connection endpoint.
 4. The method of claim 1, wherein theconnection comprises a network level connection and the locationcomprises an internet protocol (IP) address, a port and a protocol. 5.The method of claim 1, wherein the connection comprises a file systemlevel connection and the location comprises a directory location.
 6. Themethod of claim 1, wherein the connection comprises a process spacelevel connection and the location comprises at least one of a frameworklocation, a library location or a shared object location.
 7. The methodof claim 1, wherein the connection comprises an inter-processcommunication (IPC) level connection and the location comprises a sharedmemory address.
 8. The method of claim 1, wherein the computing deviceis a node in a cluster that provides a computing platform as a service.9. A computer readable storage medium including instructions that, whenexecuted by a processing device, cause the processing device to performa method comprising: detecting, by the processing device, an eventgenerated by a first component that publishes a connection endpoint, theevent indicating that the connection endpoint of the first component hasbeen modified; determining, by the processing device, a second componentthat subscribes to the connection endpoint; and updating, based on thedetected event, a location of the connection endpoint in a datastructure associated with the second component to maintain a connectionbetween the first component and the second component.
 10. The computerreadable storage medium of claim 9, wherein the event comprises at leastone of a scale up event that identifies an additional location of theconnection endpoint, a scale down event that identifies a previouslocation of the connection endpoint that is no longer valid and amigration event that identifies an alternative location for theconnection endpoint to replace at least one previous location.
 11. Thecomputer readable storage medium of claim 9, the method furthercomprising: unsubscribing the second component from the connectionendpoint; subscribing the second component to an additional connectionendpoint published by a third component; and updating the data structureby replacing references to the connection endpoint with references tothe additional connection endpoint.
 12. The computer readable storagemedium of claim 9, wherein the connection comprises a network levelconnection and the location comprises an internet protocol (IP) address,a port and a protocol.
 13. The computer readable storage medium of claim9, wherein the connection comprises a file system level connection andthe location comprises a directory location.
 14. The computer readablestorage medium of claim 9, wherein the connection comprises a processspace level connection and the location comprises at least one of aframework location, a library location or a shared object location. 15.The computer readable storage medium of claim 9, wherein the connectioncomprises an inter-process communication (IPC) level connection and thelocation comprises a shared memory address.
 16. The computer readablestorage medium of claim 9, wherein the computing device is a node in acluster that provides a computing platform as a service.
 17. A computingapparatus comprising: a memory to store instructions for a computingplatform; and a processing device, coupled to the memory, to execute theinstructions, wherein the processing device is configured to: detect anevent generated by a first component that publishes a connectionendpoint, the event indicating that the connection endpoint of the firstcomponent has been modified; determine a second component thatsubscribes to the connection endpoint; and update, based on the detectedevent, a location of the connection endpoint in a data structureassociated with the second component to maintain a connection betweenthe first component and the second component.
 18. The computingapparatus of claim 17, wherein the event comprises at least one of ascale up event that identifies an additional location of the connectionendpoint, a scale down event that identifies a previous location of theconnection endpoint that is no longer valid and a migration event thatidentifies an alternative location for the connection endpoint toreplace at least one previous location.
 19. The computing apparatus ofclaim 17, wherein the connection comprises at least one of a networklevel connection or a file system level connection and the locationcomprises at leas one of a directory location or an internet protocol(IP) address, a port and a protocol.
 20. The computing apparatus ofclaim 17, wherein the connection comprises at least one of a processspace level connection or an inter-process communication (IPC) levelconnection, and the location comprises at least one of a frameworklocation, a library location, a shared object location or a sharedmemory address.